|
Middle Indo-Aryan languages (Middle Indic languages, sometimes conflated with the Prakrits) is a historical group of languages of the Indo-Aryan family. Middle Indo-Aryan languages are the descendants of the Old Indo-Aryan languages similar to Vedic Sanskrit and the predecessors of the Modern Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Odia, Bengali and Punjabi. The Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) stage in the evolution of Indo-Aryan languages is thought to have spanned more than a millennium between 600 BCE and 1000 CE, and is often divided into three major subdivisions. * The early stage is represented by the Edicts of Ashoka (c. 250 BC) and by Pali (used by Theravada Buddhists) and Ardha Magadhi (used in Jainism). * The middle stage is represented by the various literary Prakrits, especially the Shauraseni language and Maharashtri and Magadhi Prakrits. The term Prakrit is also often applied to Middle Indo-Aryan languages (''prākṛta'' literally means "natural" as opposed to ''saṃskṛta'', which literally means "constructed" or "refined"). Modern scholars such as Michael C. Shapiro follow this classification by including all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from Sanskrit by social and geographic differences.〔Shapiro, Michael C. ''Hindi.'' Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates, 2001.〕 * The late stage is represented by the Apabhraṃśas of the 6th century and later that preceded early Modern Indo-Aryan languages〔Oberlies, Thomas, ''Aśokan Prakrit and Pali''. The Indo-Aryan LanguagesEd. George Cardona, Dhanesh Jain: Routledge Language Family Series, 2003.〕〔Shapiro, ''Hindi.''〕 (such as Braj Bhasha). ==History== The Indo-Aryan languages are commonly assigned to three major groups - Old Indo-Aryan languages, Middle Indo-Aryan languages and Early Modern and Modern Indo-Aryan languages, a linguistic and not strictly chronological classification. The Middle Indo-Aryan languages are younger than the Old Indo-Aryan languages〔"The most archaic Old Indo-Aryan is found in Hindu sacred texts called the Vedas, which date to approximately 1500 BCE". Encyclopedia Britannica - Indo-Aryan languages. General characteristics.〕 but were contemporaneous with the use of Classical Sanskrit, an Old Indo-Aryan language used for literary purposes.〔"If in "Sanskrit" we include the Vedic language and all dialects of the Old Indian period, then it is true to say that all the Prakrits are derived from Sanskrit. If on the other hand " Sanskrit " is used more strictly of the Panini-Patanjali language or "Classical Sanskrit," then it is untrue to say that any Prakrit is derived from Sanskrit, except that S'auraseni, the Midland Prakrit, is derived from the Old Indian dialect". Introduction to Prakrit, by Alfred C Woolner. Baptist Mission Press 1917〕 Some scholars believe that a number of morphophonological and lexical features betray the fact that Middle Indo-Aryan languages are not direct continuations of Old Indo-Aryan languages; rather they descend from dialects which, despite many similarities, were different from Vedic Sanskrit.〔Oberlies, Thomas ''Pali: A Grammar of the Language of the '', Walter de Gruyter, 2001.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Middle Indo-Aryan languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|